01.10.2007

書評:ハワード・ラインゴールド バーチャルコミュニティ

また、バーチャルコミュニティは決してリアルなコミュニティではないということと、しかしながらリアルなコミュニティとの関連性が成立しないわけでもないことに留意する必要があるだろう。まずバーチャルコミュニティ、あるいはサイバースペースに入り浸ってしまう「中毒症状」は非常に深刻な問題である。これはストールやタークルが述べているように、現実との乖離を起こし、現実の生活自体が立ち行かなる、または友人や家族との現実での親交がなくなってしまうといった可能性もある。

しかしインターネットやCMC技術そのものが既存の人間関係を破壊してしまうわけではない。いくつかの経験的な研究では、メールやBBSなどのCMC技術のおかげで、家族との絆を深めたり、古い親交を暖めたり、さらに友人の輪をサイバースペースで広げる可能性も持っている。当然そうした関係は、サイバースペースだけでなく、いわゆる「オフ会」のように対面的なコミュニケーションも同時に行われることがしばしばである。

確かにCMC技術の根幹をなしているのはテキストである。つまり通常の面対面でのコミュニケーションにおいては身振りや手振り、表情、触れ合い、服装などの様々な要素が重要な媒体にもなっているにもかかわらず、現在のCMC技術ではそれを表現することは非常に難しい。つまりそもそも現在のCMC技術はコミュニケーションの代替物であり、本質的に一種のコミュニケーションにしか過ぎないものである。しかしながら、テキストを通したコミュニケーションは、面対面でのコミュニケーションに比べて、書かれたテキストを読み、理解し、解釈し、それに対する返事を考え、実際に書くまでに、間をとることが可能である。つまり性急に返す必要がないことが多く、また催促されても、基本的に自身が時間をコントロールできるという点では、CMCは議論に向いているとも言えるだろう。

このようにリアルコミュニケーションとCMCはそもそも違うものであり、それぞれにメリット、デメリットを持っている。しかしCMC技術が発展したからこそ、人間は新たな可能性を手にしたわけであり、重要なのは技術主義的にCMCを受け入れるのではなく、批判的にこの道具と接することなのではないか。つまりCMCだけなく、ある技術が生み出されるということは、同時にその技術以前と以後では決定的に異なる状況であり、不可逆的であるがゆえに、その技術を肯定的に運用していく知識が重要になるのである。CMCはそういった意味では、「バーチャルの出現」を生み出したことによって、「リアル世界」の特徴や存在そのものを定義しなおす必要があるほど、重大な衝撃を与えたといえるだろう。

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