01.24.2007

講演会:GLOCOM 「オープンイノベーション:単なる心のあり方から、価値創造への新方策への転換」

今日、六本木にある国際大学グローバルコミュニケーションセンター(GLOCOM)に行ってきました。

GLOCOMは1991年に、「情報社会に出現する新しい社会秩序の特性や問題点について研究を進める」 ために、国際大学に所属する研究機関の一つとして設立されました。先日書いたハワード・ラインゴールドも設立に一役買っていますし 日本のサイバースペース研究の草分け的な研究所の一つであると思います。

今回参加した講演会は企業と大学間におけるパートナーシップ・プロジェクトの一環として催されたものです。講演者はエリオット・E・マックスウェル(Elliot E. Maxwell)氏。元アメリカ合衆国商務長官特別顧問、ジョンズ・ホプキンス大学コミュニケーションプログラム・フェロー、ペンシルバニア州立大学eビジネス研究センター特別研究員とのことです。テーマは「オープンイノベーション:単なる心のあり方から、価値創造への新方策への転換」でした。

概要は以下のとおり

Follow up:

インターネットの出現と、デジタルプロダクトの創作と再利用に資するツールの普及は、我々の文化と経済の多くの分野におけるオープンネス (openness)を増進し、「参加の時代」への道を開いた。オープンネスは、プロセス、プロダクトまたは組織へのアクセス可能性と応答性と定義されるが、これはイノベーションのあり方を本質的に変化させ、それをさらに分散的で協力的に、言い換えればさらに「オープン」なものにしている。オープンスタンダードはオープンネスを容易にする。オープンソースソフトウェアは、組織、プロセス、また法体制においてオープンネスを具体化する。オープンイノベーションは次第に世の中で顕著になりつつある。ボランティアによるオンラインのウィキペディア百科事典の創設から、インターネットオークション市場、 Flickrのタグ付けシステム、YouTubeに見られるような動画投稿サービスにも見て取れる。

オープンネスは価値の創出法さえ変えつつある。創造物をしっかりと囲い込み、他者へのアクセスに課金するというモデルから、その価値を広く共有し分かち合うというモデルへと変わりつつある。この「参加の時代」において鍵となる課題は、入手した情報からどのように判断を下すか、その信用性をどのように決定し、情報と情報源をどのように評価するか、ということである。すなわち、信頼に値するものは何かということを、どのように決定するかということである。

情報を整理する新しい方法が発展し、情報評価のために新しい基準が採用され、情報セキュリティへの新しい脅威が現れ、ユーザの貢献を基とした新しい経済活動が生まれるにつれて、信頼性をどのように確保するかということは重要性を増してきている。

まとめてみると、インターネット技術の出現によって人間は低コストで情報をコピーしたり、配布することが出来るようになったことによってより「オープン」な社会状況にあるという。特にインターネット・ビジネス/コンテンツにも近年こういったオープンなものが台頭してきた。それはwikipediaとかyoutubeのように、ある組織の外部のリソース、この場合は一般ユーザー、を動員することによって多様な情報を集約し、かつてよりもより早く、そして画期的なイノベーションを起こすことが可能になったということである。しかし一方では著作権や知的財産法のように生産物を「クローズなままにしておく」システムも同時並行的に機能している。

確かにイノベーションを加速するためには、それを作った人に対して正当な報酬を与えることなしにはありえないという。しかしクローズにする、あるいはよりタイトに規制を設けることによって生み出された知識・アイデア・製品のさらなるイノベーションの可能性はかなり低くなってしまう。むしろその裁量をオープンなものにすることによってイノベーションはより活発になるはずでありクローズとオープンのバランスをどのようにとっていくかということが重要になるのではないかということでした。

感想としては、イノベーションってなんだろう?と思いました。イノベーション、イノベーションって言ってるけどイノベーションの目的ってなんなのかな?と思った。話を聞いていると、イノベーションそのものが目的であるように聞こえました。確かに、イノベーションは市場を新規開拓できるし、そのあとの市場を独占することができる。でもオープンにすることによって、独占という状況はありえなくなる。その意味は、イノベートされたものは社会に還元されて人間はもっと便利な生活が送れるんだってことになるんだろうか?でもそうすると、21世紀の先進国に住む人間は本当にイノベーションを求めているのかな?とも思う。むしろもっとプリミティブなものの価値を再確認していくことだって大事だったりするし、イノベーションが本質的に人間社会にとって不可欠だっていう保証はない。
それともイノベーションはあくまで市場をどーのこーのっていう話で別に人間や社会のことを想定しているワケではない、と。

そうだとしたらまた別の問題が出てくる。それは一般的に技術と人間の関係の問題だ。技術が生み出される時にはすでに、「そういった技術を必要とする」社会状況が生み出されているということをハイデガーは指摘している。つまり時代の雰囲気として、新たな技術は我々に新たな光をもたらしてくれるといった感覚がすでにできあがっているということだ。それが持つ危険性は、その技術が人間にとって本当に必要で重要なものなのかっていうことをよく考えることなく、なんとなく、「重要だよね」っという雰囲気を作ってしまうということだ。例えば核技術などの軍事技術なんかはそうだと思う。あるいは携帯電話とかパソコンとかも。新しい技術や製品には、どことなく未来を感じさせてくれる印象がある。でもそれが加速していくと、技術 < 人間の図式が転倒する。つまり技術 > 人間になる。これはイヴァン・イリイチという人が"tool for convivality"という本の中で言ってるんだけど、技術が前提となる社会では、極端に言えば人間は技術によって定義されるらしい。言い換えれば、技術や道具はその使われ方や使う人間自身を規制し、パターン化し、制度化させ、生きるために必要なものなのだという認識を生み出す。(例えばケータイのない生活なんて想像できないとか。) つまり人間がそもそも持っている可能性、あるいは自由な発想は
技術によって制限されるし、それをうまく使える/使えないということが、社会階層を決定したりする。この問題をどう考えるのか?

逆にいえば、どうやって『イノベーション』自身をイノベートできるかってのがポイントだと思った。我々に本当に必要なイノベーションとは?どのようにイノベートしていくべきか?イノベートされたものをどうやって共有していくか?といった、イノベーションの「知識」自体を作るべきなんじゃないかなぁと思いました。

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